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  • Oğuz Coşkun@oguz· 34 viewsin General Discussion

    Can the current AR4 handle a 2.7 kg workpiece for slow machine tending?

    Hi everyone,

    We are evaluating the current AR4 for a broaching machine tending application and would appreciate advice from Chris and anyone with experience using the robot with heavier payloads.

    Our workpiece specifications are:

    • Outer diameter: 82 mm
    • Inner diameter: 72 mm
    • Length: 285 mm
    • Weight: 2.7 kg
    • Approximate working area: 500 mm

    We will also need a gripper, so the total payload at the robot flange will of course be higher than 2.7 kg. We intend to keep the gripper as light as reasonably possible.

    Speed is not important for this application. The robot can move slowly and we can use low acceleration. Repeatability, reliability and long-term operation are much more important to us than cycle time.

    Before we start modifying the design, we would like to understand what you would recommend for the current AR4 design.

    In particular:

    • Is this application realistic for the current AR4?
    • What total payload would you consider reasonable for this type of slow operation?
    • Which joints or components would become the limiting factors with a 2.7 kg workpiece plus gripper?
    • Would you recommend any changes to the motors, gearboxes, belts, bearings, shafts or wrist assembly?
    • Has anyone tested a similar payload repeatedly over a large number of cycles?
    • Is there anything about the robot position or working envelope that we should consider when designing the cell?

    We are seriously considering building the robot for this application, and we are also planning to purchase the STEP/SolidWorks CAD files so that we can review and, if necessary, modify the mechanical parts for our use case.

    We are able to manufacture or modify mechanical parts if necessary, so we are also interested in any modifications that would make this application more reliable.

    Thank you for any guidance or real-world experience.

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  • Stefan Asmus@stefanasmus· 34 viewsin General Discussion

    AR4 Mk 1 Dynamic Compensation

    Hi Chris,

    I've been developing the Teensy 4.1 firmware further and am currently working on a dynamics observer, with the longer-term goal of dynamic/gravity compensation.

    I've already implemented numerical Jacobian/singularity monitoring and am now looking to populate a rigid-body dynamics model of the AR4 Mk1. Do you have any of the following mechanical/dynamic parameters available from the AR4 CAD or original design calculations?

    For each moving link / joint assembly J1–J6:

    • Mass of each link/assembly (kg)
    • Centre of mass location for each link (XYZ), and which coordinate frame the COM is referenced to
    • Moment/inertia tensor about the link COM: Ixx, Iyy, Izz and, if available, Ixy, Ixz, Iyz
    • Confirmation of the link coordinate frames used for those values

    For the drivetrain:

    • Gear reduction for J1–J6
    • Any belt/pulley reductions in addition to the gearbox reduction
    • Motor rotor inertia for each motor, if known
    • Gearbox/output inertia or reflected inertia, if available
    • Approximate gearbox efficiency for each joint, if known
    • Any known static/Coulomb friction or viscous-friction values

    For the kinematic model:

    • The definitive AR4 DH parameters / link geometry used by the controller
    • Confirmation of joint-axis directions/sign conventions
    • Any mechanical zero offsets that aren't represented directly in the DH table

    For the wrist/tool:

    • Mass and COM of the standard J6/flange assembly
    • Rated/default payload
    • Payload COM assumptions used when the AR4 was designed
    • Any maximum joint torque figures or calculated torque requirements for J1–J6

    I'm particularly interested in whether you already have a mass-properties export from the CAD. If you have the original CAD assemblies with materials assigned, even a table/export of mass, COM and inertia tensor for each moving assembly would be ideal.

    I'm initially running the dynamics as an observer only, calculating gravity, inertial and Coriolis/centrifugal loading without changing motion, so I can validate the model against encoder following error before implementing any active compensation.

    Cheers,

    Stefan

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  • Paolo Gagge@gagge· 28 viewsin Robot Builds

    PaMiLoCELL #05: Motor, Bearing, Gear & Belt Installation

    The AR4-MK5 mechanical assembly is progressing through the main transmission elements: motor, bearings, timing pulleys/gears and belts.

    I approached this phase from a Quality Engineering perspective, treating each assembly step as a small Quality Gate.

    Motor: Check fastening, shaft/pulley interface and cable routing. Any misalignment introduced here can later affect belt tracking and bearing loads.

    Bearings: Tapered roller bearings require different installation methods:

    • Outer race → aluminium housing: heat the housing uniformly to slightly expand the seat, then press the race squarely into position. Never hammer it.
    • Inner bearing cone → shaft: warm the bearing/cone assembly to slightly expand the inner ring before fitting it onto the shaft. If force is required, apply it only to the inner ring, never through the rollers.

    After pressing the outer race, verify seating depth at 0° / 90° / 180° / 270° with a digital caliper. This is a practical QC check of uniform seating and parallelism, while also considering measurement repeatability.

    Thread locking / retaining compound

    • LOCTITE 222: low-strength threadlocker for removable threaded fasteners, used on M4 and larger screws as specified by the AR4 manual.
    • LOCTITE 648: retaining compound for cylindrical fits; use only if an outer race is slightly loose in its housing, not as a general installation aid and not normally between inner ring and shaft.

    Gear / pulley: Check seating, axial position and pulley alignment. Small offsets can cause belt tracking issues and additional bearing loads.

    Belt: Tension must prevent backlash and tooth skipping without overloading shafts, bearings or structures.

    Final QC: Before closing the covers, manually check:

    smooth rotation, correct belt tracking, no abnormal friction, controlled preload, no excessive play and no interference.

    The key lesson is that:

    Motor → Bearing → Gear/Pulley → Belt

    should also be a sequence of Quality Gates.

    Detecting an incorrect bearing seat, pulley misalignment or excessive belt tension immediately is far easier than troubleshooting the defect after the robot is fully assembled.

    #PaMiLoCELL #PaMiLoLAB #AR4MK5 #Robotics #QualityEngineering #RobotAssembly #Bearings #TimingBelt #LessonsLearned

  • Paolo Gagge@gagge· 12 viewsin Robot Builds

    PaMiLoCELL #03: Tools Are Very Important

    A good assembly also depends on using the right tools for each operation.

    Some of the equipment being prepared for PaMiLoCELL and AR4-MK5 assembly:

    • Drill press and rotary/power tools

    • Soldering and electrical work tools

    • Precision screwdriver and bit sets

    • Wire stripper / crimping tool

    • Digital caliper for dimensional checks

    • Tweezers and cutting tools

    • Loctite 222: low-strength threadlocker

    • Loctite 648: retaining compound for cylindrical parts

    • Liquid electrical insulation coating

    • Bearing / bushing / seal installation kit

    The objective is simple: assemble correctly, measure, verify and avoid damaging components.

    Right tool → Better assembly → Better reliability

    PaMiLoLAB

  • Paolo Gagge@gagge· 11 viewsin Robot Builds

    PaMiLoCELL #01: Kitting & System Preparation

    During one of my previous hobby projects, assembling and programming the open-source AR4 robotic arm, supported by the Annin Robotics open-source community and AI tools such as ChatGPT and Codex by OpenAI, my perspective gradually moved beyond the robotic arm itself.

    That experience led me to explore how Robotics, Industrial Automation, Functional Safety and AI Vision can be integrated into a complete robotic system, with potential applications in Production, Quality and HSE.

    This is the starting point of PaMiLoCELL, the first technical development project within PaMiLoLAB.

    The first phase is focused on kitting and system preparation: identifying, selecting and organizing the hardware required to build a compact robotic cell around the AR4-MK5.

    The planned architecture includes:

    • AR4-MK5 robotic arm

    • PLC and industrial automation components

    • Electrical and functional safety system

    • Overhead camera

    • RGB-D camera

    • Controlled LED lighting

    • AI Vision computing platform

    • Mechanical enclosure and integration hardware

    The objective is not simply to assemble individual components, but to progressively integrate them into a complete, documented and functional robotic cell.

    Next steps will cover mechanical assembly, PLC integration, electrical safety, machine vision and AI-based object handling.

    PaMiLoLAB